El presente trabajo tiene el propósito de aclarar el sentido del realismo que suscribe Charles Sanders Peirce desde su pragmaticismo. Dado que este realismo tiene sus bases en los planteamientos peirceanos concernientes a la lógica de la investigación y a su propuesta metafísica, el primer objetivo es ubicarlo en el marco de la discusión alrededor de diferentes propuestas realistas epistemológicas y ontológicas. Con base en esto, en un segundo momento, se precisará la propuesta realista que se desprende de su doctrina (...) de la continuidad o sinequismo. Finalmente, se expondrán los rasgos generales de la teleología evolutiva en la que desemboca dicha propuesta. (shrink)

Con Spinoza, la filosofía moderna alcanza una nueva comprensión de la subjetividad. Sobre la base de la crítica del racionalismo, Spinoza descubre, por primera vez, la afectividad para la filosofía. El filósofo reflexiona sobre la repercusión de los afectos en la formación del sujeto ético y piensa que el mayor conocimiento posible sobre los propios afectos redunda en la utilidad colectiva de la humanidad toda. Sostengo que, en la teoría general de los afectos que explica la naturaleza, principios y fundamentos (...) de los fenómenos afectivos, Spinoza anida una oportuna teoría del autoconocimiento. (shrink)

Resumert Este trabajo presenta varios modelos que destacan el contraste entre las teorias de la decision y de los juegos, por una parte, y la intuicidn y los datos empiricos y experimentales, por otra. Estos ejemplos estimulan la adopcion del punto de vista de la ra-.

De acuerdo con la crítica especializada, Aristóteles consolida el saber acumulado sobre los principios de la investigación filosófica y extrae sustancia de aquel saber para impulsar sus propios e innovadores desarrollos teórico-metodológicos, con los cuales labra y apuntala su filosofía crítica y autocrítica. La reconstrucción aristotélica de la historia crítica de la filosofía en sus cimientos y bases formativas no es en modo alguno un recuento mecánico de los desarrollos labrados por los filósofos precedentes y antecesores, sino que el filósofo (...) responde a los desafíos cognitivos que los problemas filosóficos, considerados en sí mismos, suponen e implican para el investigador que busca la verdad tanto acerca del origen del problema filosófico como acerca del origen, desarrollo y evolución de la filosofía. Mirando la tradición, para Aristóteles es claro que la filosofía ha introducido una nueva mirada sobre el mundo, la naturaleza, el ser humano y el horizonte vital de la humanidad. En la medida en que, con la tradición filosófica, contribuye a sepultar la visión mítico-religiosa, su imagen acabada, perfecta del mundo, Aristóteles contribuye también a fortalecer y robustecer la actitud y la visión científico-filosóficas que el pensamiento crítico-reflexivo viene labrando desde que fuera puesto en acto por los primeros y más tempranos filósofos. El presente artículo sostiene que Aristóteles emplea la medicina como recurso argumentativo para explicar que la imagen científica del mundo está condenada a ser incompleta, inacabada e imperfecta precisamente porque está libre del lastre dogmático del mito y porque se define, además, por su carácter crítico-experimental. (shrink)

Ernesto Sosa tiene el mérito de haber sido pionero en lo que podría describirse, quizás sin demasiada exageración, como un cambio de paradigma en la epistemología contemporánea: el que supuso el tránsito desde una epistemología centrada en el problema de la estructura de la justificación hasta una nueva concepción del conocimiento enfocada en la naturaleza del agente epistémico. Un aspecto de este cambio que conviene no tratar con negligencia es el cambio de las analogías fundamentales, que pasaron de ser arquitectónicas (...) a ser deportivas o prácticas, entre las que destaca la analogía del arquero. Nuestro objetivo en este capítulo es describir someramente dicho cambio para apuntar dos sentidos en los que creemos que la propuesta de Sosa podría «deslimitarse», es decir, desprenderse de límites que él mismo ha impuesto a su planteamiento. Un primer límite está relacionado con la dimensión temporal de la gnoseología (que, a diferencia de la ética de la creencia, habría de adoptar, según Sosa, un planteamiento esencialmente instantáneo o sincrónico). Un segundo límite es relativo a la identidad del agente epistémico, en la medida en que el planteamiento de Sosa parece asumir un enfoque individualista de difícil aplicación en casos de agentes colectivos. Sostendremos que ambos límites aparecen si mantenemos la analogía del arquero con el agente de conocimiento, al ser la suya una actividad instantánea y radicalmente individual. Si en su lugar adoptamos otras analogías para la acción epistémica, como las que aquí proponemos, salta a la vista que la sincronía y la individualidad son limitaciones contingentes para una epistemología de virtudes télica. En nuestra opinión, el abandono de esos dos límites podría abrir nuevos y prometedores horizontes para la epistemología social. (shrink)

La distinción entre contenidos conceptuales y no-conceptuales tiene claras repercusiones en el modo en que el hombre configura su mundo, así como en la posibilidad de atribuir pensamiento, en sentido estricto, a sistemas y organismos no humanos. Con el fin de clarificar dicha distinción, en el presente trabajo se plantea una noción básica de estado mental y, especialmente, una definición clara de lo que es un concepto y las características esenciales de los estados en que estos aparecen. Lo que se (...) sostiene al final es que hay buenas y suficientes razones para hablar de contenidos conceptuales y contenidos no-conceptuales, en lugar de hacerlo de contenidos más o menos conceptuales. En otras palabras, que hay una distinción de tipo, y no de grado, entre unos y otros contenidos. (shrink)

El proyecto filosófico kantiano se propone dar cuenta de la experiencia estética. En efecto, Kant reconstruye la tradición filosófico–formativa, elabora una crítica metodológica y problematiza la comprensión de la experiencia estética. El artículo explica, en consecuencia, cómo la estética ilustrada replantea el problema originario de la filosofía como disciplina intelectual del pensamiento científico–crítico que investiga y se empeña en reflexionar, comprender y explicar racionalmente la experiencia de lo bello. Se averigua, luego, qué rescata Kant de los aportes baumgarteanos, y se (...) descubre y expone sucintamente la teoría de la asimilación con la cual Kant sintetiza los logros teórico–prácticos de Baumgarten para integrarlos, depurados y perfeccionados, al sistema de las ciencias filosóficas. El método kantiano supera las limitaciones del método tradicional. Sostengo que el aporte kantiano a la estética como disciplina filosófica abre un nuevo horizonte de comprensión crítica en el estudio filosófico de la experiencia estética. (shrink)

Este artículo identifica los principales antecedentes legislativos y jurisprudenciales de la evidencia digital en Colombia, con miras a detallar su tratamiento en el proceso judicial; así mismo, pretende evidenciar cómo opera la cláusula de exclusión, y de qué manera se protege el derecho a la intimidad, en la obtención de evidencia digital, desde distintos medios de almacenamiento. La metodología es cualitativa y se utilizó la técnica de la revisión documental y la entrevista a expertos, para mostrar una realidad respecto a (...) una problemática de valoración de las pruebas tecnológicas, en los casos de ilicitud, y brindar aportes para mejorar la comprensión y la dimensión de su práctica en el proceso judicial. La principal conclusión es que no se le puede negar eficacia y validez probatoria por estar en forma de bytes, siempre y cuando se pueda establecer la autenticidad del contenido y la correspondencia con el autor. (shrink)

Estudios recientes formalizan los principales problemas que la filosofía platónica discierne cuando expone el proyecto de educación filosófica para la ciudad justa que, desde sus bases fundamentales, desarrolla la República. ¿Cuáles son el sentido y el horizonte del proyecto formativo-filosófico platónico? Para Platón, la educación filosófica de la clase gobernante emerge como problema nuclear para que el Estado ideal, aquel gobernado con justicia, sea viable y perviva. En esa línea, los estudios preguntan si las mujeres acceden, y de qué modo, (...) a la educación filosófica en el proyecto platónico. En coherencia con este planteamiento crítico-problemático, este trabajo reflexiona sobre el principio de diferenciación-especificación de la enseñanza filosófica, explica cómo surge el discurso sobre la mujer en la propuesta formativo-filosófica platónica y, finalmente, explicita el principio de igualdad-equidad en el acceso a la formación filosófica de los talentos naturalmente dotados para la filosofía. Demuestro que la crítica discute el alcance del discurso sobre la mujer en el proyecto filosófico-pedagógico de Platón. (shrink)

De récents scandales clans l'industrie du médicament ou l'agro-alimentaire ont montré les risques d'un détournement de la recherche scientifique. L'objet de ce livre est de mieux comprendre les ressorts de la crise qui s'installe ainsi entre science et société et de proposer des solutions respectant aussi bien l'indépendance de la recherche que le besoin de démocratie, très largement à inventer au demeurant, dans les choix de politique scientifique. Il s'adresse aux scientifiques comme aux citoyens. Il analyse la manière dont le (...) capitalisme néolibéral tente de mettre la science et les techniques au service de la compétitivité et des profils. Il s'appuie sur les résistances à cette politique pour montrer que la démocratie scientifique ne se résume pas à la question des choix technologiques ou de la gestion des risques et ne concerne pas la seule communauté scientifique. Il veut ouvrir des pistes pour mettre la connaissance scientifique et le développement technique au service des besoins humains (y compris le besoin de connaissances), ce qui appelle de nouvelles formes d'investissement citoyen et de pluralisme scientifique. (shrink)

There have been two major lines of research aimed at capturing resource-bounded players in game theory. The first, initiated by Rubinstein (), charges an agent for doing costly computation; the second, initiated by Neyman (), does not charge for computation, but limits the computation that agents can do, typically by modeling agents as finite automata. We review recent work on applying both approaches in the context of decision theory. For the first approach, we take the objects of choice in (...) a decision problem to be Turing machines, and charge players for the “complexity” of the Turing machine chosen (e.g., its running time). This approach can be used to explain well-known phenomena like first-impression-matters biases (i.e., people tend to put more weight on evidence they hear early on) and belief polarization (two people with different prior beliefs, hearing the same evidence, can end up with diametrically opposed conclusions) as the outcomes of quite rational decisions. For the second approach, we model people as finite automata, and provide a simple algorithm that, on a problem that captures a number of settings of interest, provably performs optimally as the number of states in the automaton increases. (shrink)

Se efectuó un estudio en dos fases: una observacional descriptiva y otra correlacional, para caracterizar psicológicamente al niño y adolescente con Retinosis Pigmentaria y su familia, en el Centro Provincial que atiende a este paciente en la ciudad de Camagüey. El estudio se hizo aplicando una encuesta elaborada a los efectos del trabajo y una batería de pruebas psicológicas para niños y otra para adolescentes. Se realizó un muestreo intencional puro, no probabilístico de 41 pacientes. Las Pruebas Psicológicas aplicadas fueron: (...) Encuesta, Dibujo Libre, Rotter, Wechller Bellevue, Test Gráfico de la Familia para ambos grupos e Historietas de Madelaine Thomas, 3 Alegrías, 3 Roñas y 3 Miedos para niños y Técnica de los 10 Deseos, Inventario de Problemas Juveniles, Escala de Autovaloración de Dembo Rubinstein, para los adolescentes. A todas las madres de los pacientes se les aplicó el Cuestionario FFSIL para determinar su funcionamiento familiar. En lo metodológico, se realizaron modificaciones a las pruebas psicológicas, adaptándolas al entorno sociocultural cubano. Se reportaron hallazgos típicos explicables por el tipo de enfermedad. Como resultado de este estudio, se confirmó lo expuesto por otros autores que más que la enfermedad misma, lo que influye en su formación personológica es el proceso de socialización que se efectúe An study was made to characterize psychologically the childs and adolescent suffering from pigmentary retinosis and their family, in the Provincial Center that assists those patients in Camagüey. The study was carried out applying a battery of psychological tests for children and another for adolescents. The applied Psychological Tests were: interviews, Free Drawing, Rotter, Graphic Test of the Family for both groups and Comics of Madelaine Thomas, 3 Happiness, 3 Dirts and 3 Fears for children and Technique of the 10 Desires, Inventory of Juvenile Problems and the Scale of Dembo Rubinstein, for the adolescents. Methodological modifications to the psychological tests were carried out, adapting them to the Cuban sociocultural environment. Accountable typical discoveries were reported by the illness type. As results of this study, the most important fact for the patients' personalities is the socialization process. (shrink)

Humans can learn complex functional relationships between variables from small amounts of data. In doing so, they draw on prior expectations about the form of these relationships. In three experiments, we show that people learn to adjust these expectations through experience, learning about the likely forms of the functions they will encounter. Previous work has used Gaussian processes—a statistical framework that extends Bayesian nonparametric approaches to regression—to model human function learning. We build on this work, modeling the process of learning (...) to learn functions as a form of hierarchical Bayesian inference about the Gaussian process hyperparameters. (shrink)

This paper explores the value of respect for personal autonomy in relation to clearly immoral and irrational acts committed freely and intentionally by competent people. Following Berlin's distinction between two kinds of liberty and Darwall's two kinds of respect, it is argued that coercive suppression of nonautonomous, irrational, and self-harming acts of competent persons is offensive to their human dignity, but not disrespectful of personal autonomy. Irrational and immoral choices made by competent people may claim only the negative liberty to (...) be left alone. Lives disposed to autonomy are worthy of solidarity and active support in addition to the right of free choice and action. Autonomous premeditated desires (distinguished from mere consent) may embody transcendental choices, which transcend consideration of physical and psychological well-being. Choices made by incompetent persons (e.g., children and the mentally disabled) are not related to autonomy, but to self-directedness. The value of human dignity confers protection to self-directedness, but not at the expense of other vital interests. (shrink)

Nurses are the closest healthcare providers to patients and emotional labor is the most invisible part of nursing work. However, the management of emotions to promote organizational goals and to ensure patient satisfaction may have both positive and negative impacts on nurses' working life. The purpose of this cross‐sectional, descriptive study was to examine the emotional labor behaviors of nurses and their opinions on emotional labor. Two hundred nineteen nurses working at public hospitals in Ankara between September and December 2018 (...) participated to this study. Data were collected using the sociodemographic characteristics form and “The Scale of Emotional Labor Behavior for Nurses.” Nurses had higher scores on the deep and sincere emotional acting subdimensions of the emotional labor scale than the surface acting subdimension. Findings suggest that nurses act deeply and intimately, instead of surface acting. Most of the nurses expressed that nurses were emotionally affected when caring for patients; however, nurses had to control their feelings toward patients and behave professionally to meet the expectations of their managers, which may lead to an implicit emotional dissonance. Based on the results of this study, we suggest to support nurses emotionally and to incorporate the topic of emotional labor into educational programs. (shrink)

Recent decades have seen a fertile period of theorizing within mainstream epistemology which has had a dramatic impact on how epistemology is done. Investigations into contextualist and pragmatic dimensions of knowledge suggest radically new ways of meeting skeptical challenges and of understanding the relation between the epistemological and practical environment. New insights from social epistemology and formal epistemology about defeat, testimony, a priority, probability, and the nature of evidence all have a potentially revolutionary effect on how we understand our epistemological (...) place in the world. Religion is the place where such rethinking can potentially have its deepest impact and importance. Yet there has been surprisingly little infiltration of these new ideas into philosophy of religion and the epistemology of religious belief. -/- Knowledge, Belief, and God incorporates these myriad new developments in mainstream epistemology, and extends these developments to questions and arguments in religious epistemology. The investigations proposed in this volume offer substantial new life, breadth, and sophistication to issues in the philosophy of religion and analytic theology. They pose original questions and shed new light on long-standing issues in religious epistemology; and these developments will in turn generate contributions to epistemology itself, since religious belief provides a vital testing ground for recent epistemological ideas. (shrink)

Following a discussion of some historical roots of conscience, we offer a systematized version of reflective equilibrium. Aiming at a comprehensive methodology for bioethical deliberation, we develop an expanded variant of reflective equilibrium, which we call ‘triangular reflective equilibrium’ and which incorporates insights from hermeneutics, critical theory and narrative ethics.We focus on a few distinctions, mainly between methods of justification in ethics and the social practice of bioethical deliberation, between coherence in ethical reasoning, personal integrity and consensus formation, and between (...) political and moral deliberation.The ideal of deliberation is explicated as a sharing of conscience within a special commitment to sincerity and openness to persuasion. Personal growth in wisdom is an indirect by-product of the continuous practice of moral deliberation. This is explicated in the light of Sternberg's balance theory of wisdom and in the context of medicine as a profession embodying altruistic responsibilities of care in democratic and pluralistic societies. (shrink)

The equations of state for the ideal classical gas are generalized with two characteristic constants known as the state indices. A simple and complete representation is developed for the super-ideal gas, with explicit results which are general enough to cover a wide range of equilibrium systems and states. Evidence and justification are provided in terms of examples and results of statistical physics. The new model should prove useful for treating problems involving physical behavior and properties which might otherwise call for (...) specialized or advanced methods of statistical mechanics. (shrink)

Western culture has a few traditions of representing the human body – among them mortuary art (gisants), the freak show, the culture of the relics, renaissance art and pre-modern and modern anatomy. A historical analysis in the spirit of Norbert Elias is offered with regard to body – person relationship in anatomy. Modern anatomy is characterized by separating the story of the person from the story of the body, a strategy that is incompatible with the bio-psycho-social paradigm of clinical medicine. (...) The paper discusses different aspects of the above traditions and how they might bear on this conflict and on contemporary bioethics and bedside practice. (shrink)

A Schrödinger-like relativistic wave equation of motion for the Lorentz-scalar potential is formulated based on a Lagrangian formalism of relativistic mechanics with a scaled time as the evolution parameter. Applications of this Schrödinger-like formalism for the Lorentz-scalar potential are given: For the square-step potential, the predictions of this formalism are free from the Klein paradox, and for the Coulomb potential, this formalism yields the exact bound-state eigenenergies and eigenfunctions.

Sosyal değişim her toplumsal yapıda aynı biçimde gerçekleşmemektedir. Bu bağlamda her toplum modernleşme sürecini kendine özgü dinamiklerle tecrübe etmektedir. Bu dinamikler, modernleşme sürecine dâhil olmak isteyen ülkeler için ya üstten ya dışarıdan bir müdahale ile başlamıştır. Devletin modernleşme girişimlerine bağlı olarak ise bireysel ve toplumsal yapıda pek çok farklılaşma baş göstermiştir. Zira devleti idare eden güçlerin kısa vadede birçok kez değişmesi ile asrîleşme yolundaki toplum, yeni bir düşünce yapısı ve buna uygun modernleşme adımları ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Ancak bu farklılaşma (...) her zaman devletin öngördüğü ve düzenlediği şekilde gerçekleşmemiştir. Bu anlamda toplum değişim hususunda farklı tepkiler ortaya koyarak kabullenme ya da direnç gösterme yoluna gitmiştir. Değişimin, halk nezdinde başarılı bir şekilde meşrulaştırılamaması buna rağmen çeşitli yaptırımlarla işe koşulması ise yeni normların halk arasında içselleştirilememesine sebep olmuştur. Toplum tarafından içselleştirilemeyen modernleşme hareketleri ise yüzeysel ve biçimsel olarak uygulanmaya çalışılmıştır. Ancak zaman içerisinde enformasyon olanaklarının gelişmesi ve devlet içerisindeki kademelerin hem siyasal hem de sosyal düzlemde birbirleriyle yakınlaşması neticesinde modernleşme kendi motivasyonunu içsel süreçlerden almaya başlamıştır. Böylece günümüze gelirken doğu-batı arasında ancak kendine özgü motifleri de sahiplenen eklektik bir kültür ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çizgide yetişen bireyler de kendi modernleşme tecrübesini yaşarken toplumun kalıplarını da uygulayagelmiştir. Toplumda oluşan bu kalıplar bireylerin duygulanım ve mahcubiyet eşiklerini değiştirmiştir. Böylece insan uygarlaşırken dışarıdan başlayan kontrol duygusu öze doğru inmiştir. Bu alt yapıdan hareketle çalışmamızın amacı, Norbert Elias’ın uygarlık kuramı kapsamında, Türk modernleşmesinin beraberinde getirdiği değişimin sosyal ve bireysel anlamda tekil insanın duygulanım eşiğini nasıl değiştirdiğini kılık kıyafet üzerinden okumaktır. Çalışmanın ilerlemesi için literatür taramasını tercih edilmiştir. Araştırma, konu olarak kılık kıyafet, zamansal olaraksa II. Mahmud döneminden (1785-1839) erken Cumhuriyet devrine kadar olan süreç ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Böylece çalışma, 200 yıl öncesine dayanan Türk modernleşme serüvenine kadar geriye giderek bugüne dair çıkarımlar yapmıştır. Çalışma üç ana bölüme ayrılarak ele alınmıştır. Bu bölümler ortaya koyulurken konular sık sık “din” teması ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. (shrink)

The human immune system can directly lyse invading micro‐organisms and aberrant host cells by generating pores in the cell envelope, called membrane attack complexes (MACs). Recent studies using single‐particle cryoelectron microscopy have revealed that the MAC is an asymmetric, flexible pore and have provided a structural basis on how the MAC ruptures single lipid membranes. Despite these insights, it remains unclear how the MAC ruptures the composite cell envelope of Gram‐negative bacteria. Recent functional studies on Gram‐negative bacteria elucidate that local (...) assembly of MAC pores by surface‐bound C5 convertase enzymes is essential to stably insert these pores into the bacterial outer membrane (OM). These convertase‐generated MAC pores can subsequently efficiently damage the bacterial inner membrane (IM), which is essential for bacterial killing. This review summarizes these recent insights of MAC assembly and discusses how MAC pores kill Gram‐negative bacteria. Furthermore, this review elaborates on how MAC‐dependent OM damage could lead to IM destabilization, which is currently not well understood. A better understanding on how MAC pores kill bacteria could facilitate the future development of novel strategies to treat infections with Gram‐negative bacteria. (shrink)

In program synthesis, we transform a specification into a system that is guaranteed to satisfy the specification. When the system is open, then at each moment it reads input signals and writes output signals, which depend on the input signals and the history of the computation so far. The specification considers all possible input sequences. Thus, if the specification is linear, it should hold in every computation generated by the interaction, and if the specification is branching, it should hold in (...) the tree that embodies all possible input sequences. Often, the system cannot read all the input signals generated by its environment. For example, in a distributed setting, it might be that each process can read input signals of only part of the underlying processes. Then, we should transform a specification into a system whose output depends only on the readable parts of the input signals and the history of the computation. This is called synthesis with incomplete information. In this work we solve the problem of synthesis with incomplete information in its full generality. We consider linear and branching settings with complete and incomplete information. We claim that alternation is a suitable and helpful mechanism for coping with incomplete information. Using alternating tree automata, we show that incomplete information does not make the synthesis problem more complex, in both the linear and the branching paradigm. In particular, we prove that independently of the presence of incomplete information, the synthesis problems for CTL and CTL * are complete for EXPTIME and 2EXPTIME, respectively. (shrink)

The concept of guardianship, its associated principles, distinctions, and articulation of the legal needs of the elderly are introduced via a review of well-canvassed criticisms of Canadian guardianship legislation. Claims that the reformed legislation of Alberta, Quebec, and British Columbia represent models of adequate adult guardianship compared with traditional (archaic lunacy) law are examined. This paper argues that these renovated models exhibit a dubious normative advance over traditional legislation. Specifically, the normative presuppositions of the reformed legislation, such as, restriction to (...) an autonomy-paternalism framework, and the norms of the liberal individual and state, obscure important issues in at least two key areas which challenge the models' assumptions; namely, assessment and legal competence and assessment and need. The development of guardianship laws and of social arrangements that are more responsive to the life experiences of the elderly requires critical re-articulation of the nature of individuals and their communities. (shrink)

Ülkemizde 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde 11 il ve ilçelerini kapsayan büyük bir deprem yaşanmıştır. Bu depremde bütün kamu kurumları ve Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları (STK) bölgeye destek olmak için seferber olmuştur. Bazı kamu kurum ve kuruluşları enkaz kaldırma, yaralılara tıbbi müdahale, çadır temini, kurulması, iaşe ve ibate vb. ihtiyaçların karşılanması için görev yaparken, bazıları da yaşanan depremin travmatik etkilerini azaltmaya yönelik manevi destek hizmetleri yürütmüşlerdir. Bir kamu kurumu olan Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı’na (DİB) bağlı İl ve İlçe Müftülükleri personeli, merkez teşkilatı ve (...) Diyanet Vakfı çalışanları da sahada görev yapmıştır. DİB personelinin deprem bölgesinde manevi danışman olarak hizmet vermesi, o tarihlerde, bazı kesimler tarafından eleştirilmiştir. DİB personelinin alanda yaptıklarının incelenmesi bu çalışmanın konusunudur. Çalışmanın amacı manevi danışman olarak hizmet veren DİB personelinin alanda neler yaptıklarını detaylarıyla belirlemek ve yapılanların manevi danışmanlık mesleğinin ilkelerine uygunluğunu literatür esas alınarak değerlendirmektir. Araştırma nitel araştırma desenlerinden, durum çalışmasıyla (Case Study) yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Kırşehir il ve ilçe müftülüklerinde çalışan din görevlileri oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma grubunun seçiminde amaçlı örneklem yöntemi kullanılarak ölçüt örneklem tekniği ile veri toplanmıştır. Burada tercih edilen ölçüt, Kırşehir İl ve İlçe Müftülüklerinde görev yapmak ve depremde manevi danışman olarak, alanda çalışmış olmak şeklinde belirlenmiştir. Katılımcılarla yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yoluyla sorulan sorulardan elde edilen verilere, betimsel analiz uygulanmıştır. Mülakat soruları araştırma amacına uygun olarak ve literatür taraması esas alınarak araştırmacı tarafından oluşturulmuştur. Bu araştırma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, DİB tarafından manevi danışmanlara düzenlenecek eğitim programlarının düzenlenmesinde veri oluşturması yönüyle önemlidir. Araştırma sonunda bulgular şöyle sınıflandırılmıştır: Psikolojik/manevi danışmanlık: Ziyaretlerde depremzedelerin ellerinin tutulması, kucaklama, duygusal refakat, çocukların başlarının okşanması vs. yakınlık hissi verilerek depremzedelerin rahatça konuşmalarına imkân oluşturmuşlardır. Bölgenin yapısından dolayı mezhepsel ayırım yapmadan bütün köylere gidip “Siz bizim kardeşimizsiniz, sizin için geldik, yalnız değilsiniz, acınızı paylaşıyoruz, geçmiş olsun” ifadeleri ile duygudaşlık hissi verilmiş ve yardım götürülmüştür. Dinî/manevi danışmanlık: Cenaze yıkamak, kefenlemek, cenaze namazı kıldırmak, çadır mescidinde vakit ve Cuma namazı kıldırmak, Kur’an okumak, dua ve sohbet etmek gibi faaliyetler yapılmıştır. Depremzedelerin yaşadıkları evler, çadır kentler, konteynerler ve köyler düzenli ziyaret edilerek hal ve hatırlarının sorulup, vatandaşın isteği üzerine dini törenler yapılmıştır. Destek hizmeti: Özellikle ilk giden görevliler yemek/su dağıtma, çadır kurma ve AFAD çalışmalarında kurtarma işlemine katılmışlardır. Diğer hizmetler: Depremzede esnafın kalkınması ve ekonomik destek için, esnaftan alış-veriş yapmışlar, nişanlı kızlara çeyiz ve üniversite öğrencilerine kitap yardımında bulunmuşlardır. (shrink)

Includes "The Sportive Origin of the State" (El origen deportivo del Estado, 1924); "Unity and Disunity of Europe" (Prólogo para franceses, 1937); "Man the Technician" (Meditación de la técnica, 1939); and "History as a System" (Historia como sistema, 1935).

(1) It is not clear from Gold and Stoljar’s definition of biological neuroscience whether it includes computational and representational concepts. If so, then their evaluation of Kandel’s theory is problematic. If not, then a more direct refutation of the radical neuron doctrine is available. (2) Objections to the psychological sciences might derive not just from the conflation of the radical and the trivial neuron doctrine. There might also be the implicit belief that for many mental phenomena, adequate theories must invoke (...) neurophysiological concepts and cannot be purely psychological. (shrink)